Well, at the very least this thread has made me learn a little more about AT guns. I got a bit excited, so here's some details at a glance that I think would be helpful to this thread, collected from my extensive research(Google).
I didn't have any clue about how AT guns worked other than they shot at tanks so I made this post mostly as a way to force myself to learn more. Sorry for length. Feel free to correct any mistakes or add anything of value. Here goes...
Beagle's anti-tank artillery post ftw!!!
Crew:
The
PAK36 and
PAK38 according to sites I have found had a 6 man crew:
1 -
Gun Commander/Obsever
2 -
No1 Gunner (or
Layer as the British called them, laying being the
Brit term for aiming with the sights)
3 -
No2 Loader and Firer
4 -
No3 Ammunition Bearer
5 -
No4 Assists No3 and acts as runner
6 -
No5 Driver
The
PAK40(75mm) and
PAK43/41(88mm) has a crew listed as 8 on one source but I haven't found a detailed listing as to duties, probably extra ammo bearers.
Sights:
The
PAK36(37mm) had no magnification in its sight.(Haven't found too much detailed info on the Pak36 sights)
The
PAK38(50mm) and
PAK40 had the same 3x magnification Z.F. 38 telescope with only a difference in range graduations on the sight mount. A battery for lighting up the sight for night shooting was also fitted. All guns also had open sights that could be fitted instead of the telescopic ones.
A detailed description of the telescope from the "Handbook on German Military Forces" ( US War Department, 3/45):
From: "Handbook on German Military Forces" (TM-E 30-45)
"Zielfernrohr Z.F. 38/II S.v.o4 This is the sight now used with all antitank guns. It has one main graduation with three secondary graduations on each side, and a vertical line between the conical reticles. The angle from conical to vertical reticle is 4 mils, giving a maximum lay-off of 24 mils on each side. The field of view is 8 degrees, and magnification three-fold."
From what I gather from the description, it doesn't sound too far from what the tanks sights have now in RO.
PAK40 Telescopic Sight:
I don't know if the german regulations required the gunner to be looking through his sights when the gun fired, as he'd probably get a black eye due to the recoil.
How to "lay in" using sights(from a british website listed at bottom of post)
Elevation and Traverse:
All anti-tank artillery, and artillery in general, have gears and controls to elevate and traverse the gun. The amount a gun can traverse on its mount is called "top traverse", to differentiate it from "carriage traverse", where the entire gun is moved. For example the PAK36 has a traverse of 60 degrees, an elevation of 21 degrees and a depression of 13 degrees.
Elevation and traverse are controlled by two handwheels usually located on the left side of the gun. On the PAK36 the traversing wheel is operated by the right hand and completed its full arc of 60 degress by 30-1/2 turns of the wheel. The elevating wheel was operated by the left hand and completed its full arc of +21/-13 degress with 32-1/2 turns of the wheel. As seen below, the trigger of the gun was a push button on the elevating wheel, connected by a wire to the firing mechanism.
Firing the gun:
I still have a question as to exactly who would fire the gun in combat. All the sources I have found list the loader as also the one who fired, so this is probably how it worked. But the trigger position on the guns seems to me to enable the gunner to fire the gun as he is looking through the sights. If anyone has more detailed info on this or any correction or addition to what I have written, please post.
Heres is a diagram on the fire controls of the 3.7cm PAK36(I added the color):
Here's what they look like on the real thing (from a pic I took at a show):
Here's a pic of a PAK40 showing a similar set up for the left trigger:
Shield/Armor:
The
PAK36's shield had an armor plate with a thickness of 3/16-inch(5mm)
The
PAK38 and
PAK40 had a shield of two 4mm thick plates about 1 inch apart. The spaced armor provided protection up to, but not including, 20mm armor-piercing ammunition.
In general shields were adequate against small arms fire and small shell fragments. Any direct hit from a tank would most certainly destroy the gun.
Weight and movement:
The PAK36 weighed 440 kg. or 970 lbs. Almost 1/2 a ton.
The PAK38 weighed 1,062 kg. or 2,340 lbs. About 1 ton.
The PAK40 weighed 1,500 kg. or 3,310 lbs. 1-1/2 tons!
The Russian 76.2mm ZIS-3T was even heavier at 1,760 kg, or 1.8 tons.
As Dingbat mentioned in his post, the idea for a highly mobile tank piece was the idea at first, which was true with the 37mm Pak36 which could be manhandled by infantry. However, as tank guns necessarily got bigger to keep up with thicker tank armor, you needed a vehicle to move the piece. The solution was simply to mount the guns on vehicles. Tank destroyers SP guns, etc. are just AT guns on a tracks. However, the ease of concealment of AT guns still made them very useful.
From a transalted German manual
Source
b. Use of Antitank Guns
Defiladed gun positions are desirable. Fire should be opened as late as possible. It should be opened even when there seems to be little chance of success; the enemy tank will be impeded and usually will swing away.
Antitank guns must be made mobile so that they can be massed at the point where the Russian tanks are attacking. An allotment of half-tracked tractors is essential.
Other than the PAK36, I don't think you would see infantry moving the AT guns other than maybe last minute positioning in a ditch or by a road. Incidently the PAK38 and PAK40 had a third wheel that could be attached to make moving it easier by troops.
Tactics:
I found some good points on
this forum thread I found completely randomely looking for info on At guns. It's from some war game forum or something. I'm just gonna quote the main points cose I'm way to burned out on this now.
A well camoflauged and dug in AT gun is extremely dangerous to tanks.
AT-Guns were definetely the most feared weapon by tankers (Atleast german tankers, because very difficult to spot)
The fact is that a ATG(Anti-tank gun) has a decided advantage over a buttoned lone tank.
Carrius, in Tigers in the Mud, makes it very clear that ATG are deadlier opponents than AFV. The TC must be unbuttoned to battle ATG. He will only get a very brief yellow flash when the ATG fires. It can be picked up using peripheral vision and each TC in a platoon needs to watch his sector.
Theres a good mention of how hard to spot ATG are in Armor Battles of the Waffen SS. A Panther recieves 20 hits and still can't make out where the ATGs are. The rest of his platoon has been KOd and he is mostly buttoned up. The ATG are less than 200m away.
One engagement during Operation Typhoon shows how effective AT guns were and how deadly.
Near the village of Illinskoye which was part of the outer defense ring of Moscow a whole tank company advancing on the road to Maroslavetse was wiped out by a few AT guns without a single casuality. Later the foot-stompers eliminated this threat.
I read the history of that tank unit, I think it was the 19. Panzerdivision, and those tankers were absolutely unable to spot the AT-guns which were hiding in a nearby wood until all 17 tanks were knocked out.
The following quotes are from the first person experiences of Russian AT crewman Evgenii Monyushko from
http://www.iremember.ru
Holding fire untill the last possible moment increases the probability of a kill and allows you to not be spotted and destroyed as easily.
"After short but powerful artillery raids the Germans would attack with their armor. Heavy AFVs, Tigers and Ferdinands, ascended hills deep inside the German positions and stopped 1-1.5 kilometers from our own positions. The lighter and more maneuverable Pz.IV's continued to advance together with small numbers of infantry. It made little sense for us to fire at the AFVs deployed in the rear. Even in case of a direct hit the shell couldn't cause serious damage at such range. But German tankers waited until our anti-tank battery was forced to open fire at the tanks advancing in the front. A gun that opened fire, exposed itself, immediately fell victim to a well aimed shot from the stationary heavy AFVs. It must be noted that Tigers had very precise sights and very accurate 88mm guns. This explains the advice that I received about not opening fire until the last moment. When opening fire from a "pistol shot range" you could expect to hit with the first or, in an extreme case, the second shell, and then, even if the gun was destroyed, you could still get an "exchange of figures" disadvantageous to the Germans - a tank for a light gun. But if you exposed your position prematurely the gun most probably would've been lost in vain.
The whole crew did not have to be behind the gun to operate it and one was enough. Usually only one person was behind the gun at one time: the gunner OR the loader. If the gun was hit, then only one crew member would be lost.
This also explained the additional changes introduced to a typical structure of an artillery ditch. Two holes were made to the left and right of a gun's wheels - one for the gunner, the other for the loader. Practically, ZIS-3 guns didn't require simultaneous presence of the entire crew near the gun. Moreover, it was usually enough for only one person to be present. The gunner, after firing, could hide himself in his hole while the loader would drive the next shell into the barrel. Now the gunner could take his place, aim, and fire, and the loader would be taking cover at that time. Even after a direct hit into the gun at least one of the two had a chance to survive. The other crew members were spread out through the holes, side "pockets" of the trench. Practical experience, which was being accumulated in this regiment starting as far back as the Batttle of the Kursk Salient, allowed to minimize casualties. Over the one and a half months of fighting in the bridgehead, the regiment replaced its equipment three times, getting new and repaired guns to replace damaged and destroyed ones, and kept its fighting efficiency while getting almost no replacements in men.
He tells how he shot a Tiger tank at only 50 yards(!):
A Tiger! The gunner doesn't see it yet in the field of view of his gun sight. And the machine gunner fires a burst at the tank, like a shotgun against an elephant, to attract the gunner's attention. The gun's barrel is lowered immediately, a shot, and the armor piercing shell ricochets off the front armor. And it was only fifty meters! "Subcaliber!" - the gunner yells desperately. The breech block clanks, swallowing the round. Fortunately, both the tank's gun and its driver look upward while the tank hasn't got out of the hollow. The subcaliber shell hits the bottom of the turret at almost point blank range. Apparently, something burst inside, a blue light flashed from all of the AFV's holes. The AFV doesn't burst into flames, but the crew tries to bail out through the hatches. A machine gun burst finishes the business...
Sources:
www.lonesentry.com
www.tarrif.net
Lemaire's Encyclopedia of WW2 Guns
http://www.twenot.nl/pak40.htm
Heres two great articles on AT guns:
A brief breakdown of all German AT weapons
British Artillery in WW2/Anti-tank Guns
Next Part 1 Using the guns.